В Английски език отличаваме два залога: деятелен (Active voice) и страдателен (Passive voice).
английски език – самоучител
Разликата между тях е акцентът, който поставяме в изречението.
Използваме, aко за нас е важно да изразим кой е извършителят на действието (тоест за нас е важен “деятелят”).
Използваме, ако е по-важно да акцентираме върху обекта в изречението (тоест този/това, който/което понася действието).
Примери в сегашно просто време:
Деятелен залог (Active voice):
I store the apple in the fridge.
Аз съхранявам ябълката в хладилника.
♦ тук акцентът е върху извършителя на действието (аз).
Страдателен залог (Passive voice):
The apple is stored in the fridge (by me).
Ябълката е съхранявана в хладилника (от мен).
♦ тук акцентът е върху обекта (ябълката).
В страдателен залог не е важно кой е извършителя, за това може да се изпусне. Ако се добави в изречението се използва предлога “by“.
Страдателен залог (Passive voice) се образува с глагола “съм” + минало причастие на глагола. За да може правилно да използвате passive voice, е нужно да знаете миналото причастие (третата форма) на неправилните глаголи.
Кликнете тук, за да си ги припомните:
Обърнете внимание!
Глаголът “съм” трябва да бъде спрегнат в съответното време, в което се изразявате
Таблица с образуване на страдетелен залог:
| Tense | Active voice | Passive voice | Active sentence | Passive equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple present | keep | is kept | Ani keeps the butter in the fridge. | The butter is kept in the fridge. |
| Present continuous | is keeping | is being kept | Maria is keeping my house tidy. | My house is being kept tidy. |
| Simple past | kept | was kept | Lara kept her schedule properly. | Lara’s schedule was kept properly. |
| Past continuous | was keeping | was being kept | The cinema was keeping a seat for you. | A seat was being kept for you. |
| Present perfect | have kept | have been kept | Sarah has kept all your old letters. | All your old letters have been kept. |
| Past perfect | had kept | had been kept | Toni had kept up his training regimen for a month. | His training regimen had been kept up for a month. |
| Simple Future | will keep | will be kept | George will keep the book. | The book will be kept. |
| Conditional Present | would keep | would be kept | If you told me, I would keep your secret. | If you told me, your secret would be kept. |
| Conditional Past | would have kept | would have been kept | I would have kept your car here if you had left it with me. | Your car would have been kept here if you had left it with me. |
| Present Infinitive | to keep | to be kept | She wants to keep the pen. | – |
| Perfect Infinitive | to have kept | to have been kept | Judy was happy to have kept the kitten. | The kitten was happy to have been kept. |
| Present Participle & Gerund | keeping | being kept | I have a feeling that you may be keeping a secret. | I have a feeling that a secret may be being kept. |
| Perfect Participle | having kept | having been kept | Having kept the parrot in a cage for so long, Jade wasn’t sure it could survive in the wild. | The parrot, having been kept in a cage for so long, might not survive in the wild. |